{"id":9494,"date":"2024-05-15T16:26:26","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T08:26:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/baike.ytso.com\/index.php\/2024\/05\/15\/%e6%a2%81%e6%b0%b8%e4%bd%b3%e5%8f%a0%e5%86%99-%e7%9a%84%e9%99%90%e5%ba%a6\/"},"modified":"2024-05-15T16:26:26","modified_gmt":"2024-05-15T08:26:26","slug":"%e6%a2%81%e6%b0%b8%e4%bd%b3%e5%8f%a0%e5%86%99-%e7%9a%84%e9%99%90%e5%ba%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baike.ytso.com\/?p=9494","title":{"rendered":"[\u6881\u6c38\u4f73]\u201c\u53e0\u5199\u201d \u7684\u9650\u5ea6"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

\u6458   \u8981\uff1a\u5927\u7406\u767d\u65cf\u7684“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u8282\u5e86\u8fd1\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u5e76\u5411\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7533\u8bf7\u4e16\u754c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u529f\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u8282\u5e86\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u8282\u5e86\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead“\u53d1\u65fa”\u548c“\u6e05\u5409\u5e73\u5b89”\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u5e99\u5b87\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7075\u529b\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u4f20\u9012\u800c\u505a\u7684\u671d\u5723\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u975e\u9057\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u79cd“\u53e0\u5199”\u5927\u4f17\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u6b96\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c06“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u6c11\u65cf“\u72c2\u6b22\u8282”\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6db5\u76d6\u5730\u65b9\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd“\u53e0\u5199”\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7 \u53e0\u5199 \u7ed5\u4e09\u7075 \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u6881\u6c38\u4f73\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u738b\u6743\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u3000\u3000\u5bfc\u8bba\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u5efa“\u53e0\u5199”\u529f\u80fd?<\/p>\n

\u3000\u30002006\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279518\u9879\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u767d\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5dde\u901a\u8fc7\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u5411\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u7533\u8bf7\u7684“\u767d\u65cf\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u4f5c\u4e3a“\u6587\u5316\u7a7a\u95f4”\u9879\u76ee\u540d\u5217\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4ece\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u6750\u6599\u770b,“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u5f02\u4e8e\u6c49\u65cf\u8282\u5e86\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u8fd9\u4e00“\u6587\u5316\u7a7a\u95f4”\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5b98\u65b9\u5bf9“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u6587\u4eba\u4e00\u76f4\u5bf9\u8282\u5e86\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u8c13“\u60c5\u4eba”\u5173\u7cfb\u6301\u5426\u5b9a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u4f24\u98ce\u5316\u5e76\u5145\u6ee1\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3002\u800c2006\u5e74\u7684“\u975e\u9057”\u7533\u8bf7\u6587\u4ef6\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20“\u9690\u79d8\u7684\u60c5\u4fa3\u5173\u7cfb……\u6697\u6d8c\u7740\u767d\u65cf\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u5c01\u5efa\u793c\u6559\u7684\u4fee\u6b63”\u3002\u4ece\u7530\u91ce\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u6750\u6599\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u613f\u627f\u8ba4\u5b58\u5728“\u60c5\u4eba”,\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bb6\u5ead“\u53d1\u65fa”“\u6e05\u5409\u5e73\u5b89”\u7b49\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c“\u975e\u9057”\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u6750\u6599\u5219\u672a\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e2a\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u767d\u65cf\u8fdc\u53e4\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u4e3a\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5dee?“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684?\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u975e\u5a5a\u5173\u7cfb\u6210\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9?\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3“\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7”\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u4e0e\u6388\u6743\u5728\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u542b\u4e49?<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7533\u8bf7\u6587\u672c\u548c“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u6d3b\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u4e00\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6027\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c06“\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7”\u7684\u5934\u8854\u6388\u7ed9“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u6c11\u95f4\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u91cd\u5efa“\u53e0\u5199”\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a“\u539f\u59cb\u6d6a\u6f2b”\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u610f\u4e49\u76f8\u5f53\u8131\u8282\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd“\u53e0\u5199\u7684\u9650\u5ea6”\u3002“\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7”(Intangible Cultural Heritage)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc4\u4f30\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u3002\u6768\u7f8e\u60e0(Yang\uff0c2008:1)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u6bd4\u8f83“\u9ebb\u70e6”\u3002\u845b\u5146\u5149(2001)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c“\u5b97\u6559”\u8303\u7574\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u5e76\u65e0\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u9ad8\u4e07\u6851(Goossaert\uff0c2008)\u4e0e\u5f20\u5029\u96ef(Nedostup\uff0c2009)\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c“\u5b97\u6559”“\u8ff7\u4fe1”\u662f\u7531\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u521b\u5236\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7126\u8651\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u6768\u51e4\u5c97(Yang\uff0c2004)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7126\u8651\u52301949\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u6253\u538b\u5b97\u6559\u7684“\u6fc0\u8fdb\u65e0\u795e\u8bba”(militant atheism)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u56fa\u7136\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86“\u5bb6”\u4e0e“\u793e\u4f1a”\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86“\u653f\u6cbb”\u4e0e“\u5b97\u6559”\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8c\u5206\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4e1a\u5df2\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6027(Yu\uff0c2005;Lagerway\uff0c2010)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u675c\u8d5e\u5947\u57281988\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684“\u53e0\u5199”(superscription)\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u5a01\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u4ee5\u5173\u5e1d\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u4e88\u5173\u5e1d\u5c01\u53f7\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u5728\u6c11\u95f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u548c\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u7b26\u53f7\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406(\u5373“\u5fe0\u4e49”)\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5173\u5e1d\u5f97\u5230\u591a\u6b21\u518c\u5c01\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd“\u5199”\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a“\u53e0\u5199”\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u7eb3\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u610f\u4e49\u7684“\u5929\u5b50”\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027(Duara\uff0c1988)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u9887\u5177\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6c11\u95f4\u795e\u7075\u6388\u4e88“\u5c01\u53f7”\u5e76\u6d3e\u5b98\u5458\u796d\u7940(Feuchtwang\uff0c2001)\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u795e\u7075\u7684“\u6807\u51c6\u5316”(Watson\uff0c1985)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7528\u5b97\u65cf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8fce\u795e\u8d5b\u4f1a\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5730\u65b9\u63a7\u5236(Wang\uff0c2004)\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u7528“\u53e0\u5199”\u6982\u5ff5\u52a0\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u627f\u8bfa\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a“\u5b97\u6559”\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u518d\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5728\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0a\u7684“\u53e0\u5199”\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5305\u62ec\u6c11\u95f4\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u96be\u4ee5\u7eb3\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c61\u5f81\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u675c\u8d5e\u5947\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u6b63\u5728\u8003\u8651\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd9\u79cd“\u53e0\u5199”\u529f\u80fd(Duara\uff0c2010)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u4ece\u5e1d\u56fd\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\u548c\u5ef6\u7eed\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c“\u5b97\u6559”\u548c“\u8ff7\u4fe1”\u8303\u7574\u7684\u521b\u9020\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u786e\u8ddf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u627f\u8bfa\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u524d30\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b9e\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u9650\u5236\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5f3a\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u653f\u7b56(Goossaert and Palmer\uff0c2010)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ece1980\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u624b\u6bb5\u9010\u6e10\u8f6f\u5316\u5f00\u660e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f(\u9648\u8fdb\u56fd\uff0c2010;\u8d75\u529b\u6d9b\uff0c2008)\u3002\u6b27\u94c1\u6728(Tim Oakes)\u548c\u82cf\u5802\u680b(Donald Sutton)\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd“\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u52aa\u529b\u8c03\u548c(co-opt)\u4e0e\u6d88\u5316(subsume)\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76(\u660e\u663e\u5730)\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u653f\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc……\u5e76\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u6d88\u878d\u4e8e\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185———\u5c31\u50cf\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f97\u5230\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u795e\u7075\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u6d88\u878d\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5c42\u4e0a\u6d88\u878d\u4e8e\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u6837”(Oakes and Sutton\uff0c2010:14\uff5e15)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u663e\u7136\u547c\u5e94\u4e86\u675c\u8d5e\u5947\u63d0\u51fa\u7684“\u53e0\u5199”\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86“\u53e0\u5199”\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u662f\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u91cd\u5efa“\u53e0\u5199”\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6“\u53e0\u5199”\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u7533\u8bf7\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5bf9“\u7ed5\u4e09\u7075”\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u900f\u89c6\u5f53\u4e0b\u6c11\u95f4\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7ee7\u7eed\u6d4f\u89c8\uff1a1<\/font> | 2<\/u> | 3<\/u> | 4<\/u> | 5<\/u> | <\/p>\n

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