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\n

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\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u540e\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u8650\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u60e7\u6015\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u65bd\u66b4\u884c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u6700\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af·\u963f\u594e\u90a3(Thomas Aquinas)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u7406\u6027\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u5bb0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u7406\u6027\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c“\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b8b\u5fcd\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u6b8b\u5fcd\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5bf9\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u3002”\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u7740\u5f7c\u5f97·\u8f9b\u683c(Peter Singer)\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c“\u6700\u540e\u7684\u3001\u6700\u8352\u5510\u7684\u5e76\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u5e26\u6765\u6700\u75db\u82e6\u540e\u679c\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u662f\u753117\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u54f2\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002”\u53d7\u673a\u68b0\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14(Rene Descartes)\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u7269\u8d28\u6240\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u7531\u673a\u68b0\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u795e\u9020\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u52a8\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a“\u79bd\u517d\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u5982\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u662f\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u591a\u5c11\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002”\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u4eab\u53d7\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u75bc\u75db\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6d3b\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u9ebb\u9189\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u6d3b\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5f15\u8d77\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u800c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u9762\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u75db\u82e6\u6323\u624e\u65f6\u7684\u7126\u8651\u548c\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0(Voltaire)\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c06\u52a8\u7269\u89c6\u4f5c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u4ed6\u6124\u6068\u5730\u6307\u8d23\u5230\uff0c“\u8bf4\u7272\u755c\u662f\u65e0\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e5f\u65e0\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u59ff\u52bf\u505a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6c42\u6539\u8fdb\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u65e0\u77e5\u591a\u4e48\u53ef\u601c\u54ea\uff01”\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u5e94\u8d1f\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7(Immanuel Kant)\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8650\u5f85\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u6027\u53d8\u5f97\u6b8b\u9177\u65e0\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ade\u6280\u800c\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b8b\u5fcd\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f11\u8c1f(David Hume)\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bba\u8ff0\u5230\uff0c“\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6742\u7136\u76f8\u5904\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u867d\u6709\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u4f4e\u5fae\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f5c\u4efb\u4f55\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6311\u8845\u4e5f\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6124\u6068\u7684\u6548\u679c;\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u53d7\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u800c\u793c\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u53d7\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u4e13\u64c5\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6743\u5229\u6216\u6240\u6709\u6743\u3002”\u7531\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u524d\u5e76\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e94\u8be5\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fdb\u516519\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u626d\u8f6c\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f80\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u63d0\u901a\u8fc7\u8bf8\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c“\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u9ad8\u7b49\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u7684\u3002”\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5168\u9762\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8d4b\u4e88\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u963f\u5c14\u8d1d\u7279·\u65bd\u97e6\u6cfd(Albert Schweitzer)\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u656c\u754f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u656c\u754f\u751f\u547d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c“\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u9519\u8bef\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f26\u7406\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4ed6\u6240\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u5e2e\u52a9\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u6025\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u3002”\u5728\u5904\u7406\u4eba\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u656c\u754f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u5ff5\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u8bf8\u591a\u6559\u76ca\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u670d\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u5173\u5fc3\u5b83\u4eec\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u8fd9\u79cd\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u65e5\u76ca\u9ad8\u6da8\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f7c\u5f97·\u8f9b\u683c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u53cd\u5bf9\u7269\u79cd\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u505a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97·\u8f9b\u683c\u5927\u529b\u5021\u5bfc\u7d20\u98df\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u9972\u517b\u3001\u5c60\u6740\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u9020\u6210\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u5f7c\u5f97·\u8f9b\u683c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8f83\u4e3a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u8f83\u96be\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4f11\u65af(Hughes)\u63d0\u51fa“\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229”\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5eb7\u4e50\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u6c42\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5176\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u5219\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u3002\u4f11\u65af\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bbd\u6cdb\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u901a\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u8003\u6797·\u65af\u4f2f\u4e01\u5728\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6982\u62ec\u7684“\u4e94\u5927\u81ea\u7531”\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u7406\u798f\u5229\u3001\u73af\u5883\u798f\u5229\u3001\u536b\u751f\u798f\u5229\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u798f\u5229\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u798f\u5229\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u65bd\u4ee5\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u6000\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5f15\u8d77\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u9972\u517b\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c64\u59c6·\u96f7\u6839(Tom Regan)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u54f2\u7406\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5728\u300a\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u8fa9\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u96f7\u6839\u4ece\u54f2\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u8fa8\u8bc1\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u8d2f\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u96f7\u6839\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5176\u56fa\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u7406\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4eab\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u798f\u5229\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u5982\u52b3\u4f26\u65af·C.\u8d1d\u514b(Lawrence C.Becker)\u5f3a\u8c03“\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u798f\u5229\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u3002”\u800cR.G.\u5f17\u96f7\u548c\u827e\u4f26·\u6000\u7279(Alan White)\u7b49\u4eba\u5219\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a\u52a8\u7269\u62e5\u6709\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7531\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bba\u8bc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u8f83\u5927\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u5b9e\u8df5\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

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