\n
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\u4e00<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u8fdb\u5165\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ecd\u9700\u5bf9\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fdd\u62a4\u975e\u9057\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u7a0d\u52a0\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8bfb\u8005\u80fd\u5728\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4f4d\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u4ee51989\u5e74\u300a\u5efa\u8bae\u6848\u300b\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u722c\u68b3\u7406\u8def\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u52301989\u5e74\u300a\u5efa\u8bae\u6848\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u52301999\u5e74\u4e8e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u53ec\u5f00\u7684“\u300a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c11\u95f4\u521b\u4f5c\u5efa\u8bae\u6848\u300b\u5168\u7403\u8bc4\u4f30\uff1a\u5728\u5730\u8d4b\u6743\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c”\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u518d\u7ecf\u75312001\u5e74\u7684\u90fd\u7075\u3001\u57c3\u5c14\u5207\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u53ca2002\u5e74\u7684\u91cc\u7ea6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u52302003\u5e74\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\u7b49\u7531\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5173\u952e\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u5219\u4ee51997\u5e74\u7684\u300a“\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c”\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\u4e3a\u68b3\u7406\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u51fa\u53f0\u524d\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5——\u4ece\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u5f15\u9886\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u62b5\u5fa1\u6587\u5316\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u5bf9\u6c11\u4fd7\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u52301993\u5e74“\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u8d22\u5bcc”(Living Human Treasures)\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u518d\u52301997\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03“\u4eba\u7c7b\u53e3\u5934\u548c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u9057\u4ea7\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c”\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u9879\u76ee——\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e3a\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u5176\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684“\u6d3b\u6001\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a”\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u9057\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u9057\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u7b80\u53f2\u3002\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u524d\u540e\u7ee7\u8d77\u53c8\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u4e8c\u8005\u6e90\u8d77\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e14\u63a8\u52a8\u4e8c\u8005\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u80cc\u666f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e24\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u7ec8\u56e0\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u975e\u9057\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u5347\u6e29\uff0c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\uff1a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u540e\u9488\u5bf9\u300a\u5efa\u8bae\u6848\u300b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4e0e\u300a“\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c”\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u62a5\u544a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u4e92\u6587\u6027\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e24\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u5df2\u7ecf\u5408\u6d41\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u53e0\u52a0\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u5171\u540c\u4e3a\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u5f85\u975e\u9057\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0e\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3(Quentin Skinner)\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u653e\u5165\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u7684“\u8bed\u5883\u4e3b\u4e49”\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u79d1\u6797\u4f0d\u5fb7(R.G.Collingwood)\u5f0f\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u89c2\u5373\u5c06\u601d\u60f3\u653e\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u6b63\u662f\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7f6e\u5165\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u5728\u5176\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u89c2\u5ff5\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u6db5\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\u5bf9\u90a3\u79cd\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u6587\u672c\u81ea\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u6587\u672c\u548c\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9a73\u65a5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u8d56\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8bed\u5883\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u5230\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766(Ludwig Wittgenstein)\u548c\u5965\u65af\u4e01(J.L.Austin)\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u8a00\u8bed\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8fd8\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u7279\u5b9a\u8a00\u8bed\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7279\u5b9a\u8a00\u8bed\u6240\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7406\u8def\u7684\u70db\u7167\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u7ebf\u7d22\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5373\u9a6c\u62c9\u5580\u4ec0\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3a\u8003\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u5bf9\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5173\u8054\u505a\u51fa\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n
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