\n
\n\u3000\u3000\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u91c7\u8bbf\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6545\u4e8b\u6b4c\u624b“\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947”\u7684\u5b66\u827a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u521b\u4f5c\u8f68\u8ff9\u548c\u8868\u6f14\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u4f20\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8109\u7edc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u8499\u53e4\u65cf\u53f2\u8bd7\uff1b\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\uff1b\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\uff1b\u5b66\u827a\uff1b\u521b\u4f5c\uff1b\u8868\u6f14\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u5206\u7c7b\u53f7\uff1aJ607 \u6587\u732e\u6807\u8bc6\u7801\uff1aA \u6587\u7ae0\u7f16\u53f7\uff1a1672-9838\uff082010\uff0902-0036-08<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u8005\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u5185\u8499\u53e4\u5927\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5185\u8499\u53e4 \u547c\u548c\u6d69\u7279 010010<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u8499\u53e4\u65cf\u82f1\u96c4\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u662f\u53e3\u5934\u6d41\u4f20\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u7586\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u8349\u539f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u6b4c\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u8d1d\u683c\u66fc\uff08Bergmann\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u963f\u65af\u5854\u62c9\u7f55\u5730\u533a\u30021802~1803\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8d1d\u683c\u66fc\u65c5\u884c\u4e8e\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u8349\u539f\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u5e78\u542c\u5230\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u6c11\u95f4\u827a\u4eba\u6f14\u5531\u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u6b4c\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u636e\u5370\u8c61\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e0b\u6765\u30021804\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u7528\u5fb7\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u77ed\u6587\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e24\u90e8\u53f2\u8bd7\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u641c\u96c6\u3001\u6574\u7406\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002\uff3b1\uff3d(1-86) \uff3b2\uff3d(53-64)<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u6b4c\u624b\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u8bed\u53eb\u505a“\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947”\u3002“\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947”\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u624d\u534e\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u827a\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u8005\u548c\u521b\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6b4c\u624b\u8981\u83b7\u5f97“\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947”\u79f0\u53f7\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6311\u5254\u7684\u89c2\u4f17\u9762\u524d\u6f14\u55315\u90e8\u4ee5\u4e0a\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u3002\uff3b3\uff3d(45)\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u80fd\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u6b4c\u624b\u591a\u8fbe\u8fd1\u767e\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u80fd\u6f14\u55315\u90e8\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6b4c\u624b\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u83b7\u5f97\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u79f0\u53f7\u7684\u6b4c\u624b\u6709\u9102\u5229\u626c·\u5965\u592b\u62c9\uff081857~1920\uff09\u3001\u7a46\u514b\u5bbe·\u5df4\u6851\u514b\u592b\uff081878~1944\uff09\u3001\u8fbe·\u6c99\u74e6\u5229\u8036\u592b\uff081884~1959\uff09\u3001\u5df4\u5fb7\u660e·\u5b5f\u514b\u90a3\u751f\uff081929~1944\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u6709\u897f\u897f\u90a3·\u5e03\u62c9\u5c14\u3001\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14·\u5df4\u96c5\u5c14\u3001\u590f\u62c9·\u90a3\u751f\u3001\u963f\u4e43·\u5c3c\u5f00\u3001\u989d\u5c14\u8d6b\u592a\u3001\u52a0\u752b\u3001\u8fbe\u897f·\u6d69\u5409\u90ed\u5c14\u3001\u67ef\ue008\u514b·\u6eda\u5c0a\u3001\u5189\u76ae\u52d2\uff081923~1994\uff09\u3001\u6731\u4e43\uff081926~\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u7531\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u6731\u4e43\u4e3b\u5bfc\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u4e86\u5341\u51e0\u4f4d\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u666e\u5c14\u5e03\u52a0\u752b\uff081987~\uff09\u3001\u6cf0\u4e30\u3001\u5df4\u56fe\u7eb3\u68ee\u3001\u90a3\u6728\u8fbe\u683c\u3001\u9053\u5c14\u5409\u5189\u54c8\u548c\u62c9\u54c8\u82cf\u8363\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa90\u4ee3\u672b\u7531\u6731\u4e43\u4e3b\u5bfc\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u7684\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u6b4c\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u6839\u636e\u52a0·\u5df4\u56fe\u90a3\u751f\u3001\u7279·\u8d3e\u6728\u67e5\u3001\u041d·\u0411·\u6851\u560e\u6770\u8036\u5a03\u3001A·\u4fdd\u5c14\u66fc\u4ec0\u8bfa\u592b\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b14\u8005\u91c7\u8bbf\u5f55\uff0c\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u63a2\u8ba8\u6545\u4e8b\u6b4c\u624b\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u7684\u5b66\u827a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u521b\u4f5c\u8f68\u8ff9\u548c\u8868\u6f14\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u53f2\u8bd7\u6b4c\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u4f20\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8109\u7edc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u3001\u6545\u4e8b\u6b4c\u624b\u7684\u5b66\u827a\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
\u3000\u30001.\u8046\u542c\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u662f\u5728\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u5e74\u7eaa\uff087\u5c81\u62168\u30019\u5c81\uff09\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u523012\u81f314\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u5df2\u5b66\u4f1a\u5e08\u5085\u5531\u672c\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u9102\u5229\u626c·\u5965\u592b\u62c9\uff0c\u4e0d\u6ee112\u5c81\u65f6\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5e08\u5085\u7684\u5531\u672c\uff1b\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u7a46\u514b\u5bbe·\u5df4\u6851\u514b\u592b\uff0c9\u5c81\u90a3\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u97f3\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5531\u8bcd\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u8bb2\u8ff0\u3002\u5e74\u8f7b\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u666e\u5c14\u5e03\u52a0\u752b\u4ece\u5c0f\u5b66\u56db\u5e74\u7ea7\uff0810\u5c81\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u80cc\u8bf5\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u6b4c\u8bcd\uff0c\u5230\u5c0f\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u80cc\u8bf55\u90e8\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u3002\u2460<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u800c\u5b66\u4e60\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u7aef\u5750\u5728\u4e00\u65c1\u8046\u542c\u8001\u4e00\u8f88\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u7684\u6f14\u5531\u3002\u636e\u52a0·\u5df4\u56fe\u90a3\u751f\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u5189\u76ae\u52d2\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u548c\u5e03\u514b\u8d5b\u5c14\u4e2d\u65d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u82e6\u7267\u6c11\u6ce2\u5c14\u6765\u5bb6\u3002\u6ce2\u5c14\u6765\u4e3a\u738b\u7237\u5f53\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u5bb6\u4f4f\u5728\u738b \u5e9c\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb6\u90bb\u5c45\u662f\u738b\u7237\u4e13\u5c5e\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u517c\u738b\u7237\u5bbf\u8425\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u514b\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u9102\u5229\u626c·\u5965\u592b\u62c9\u5b98\u3001\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14·\u5df4\u96c5\u5c14\u5bb6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ce2\u5c14\u6765\u548c\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14·\u5df4\u96c5\u5c14\u662f\u597d\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5e26\u5189\u76ae\u52d2\u5230\u4ed6\u5bb6\u53bb\u542c\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u6f14\u5531\uff0c\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14\u4e5f\u5e38\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb6\u6765\u804a\u5929\u6216\u8005\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u3002\u5f53\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14·\u5df4\u96c5\u5c14\u5728\u738b\u5e9c\u6f14\u5531\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5189\u76ae\u52d2\u5728\u5916\u9762\u503e\u542c\u3002\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u6731\u4e437\u5c81\u65f6\u4fbf\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u738b\u7237\u7684\u6587\u4e66\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed614\u5c81\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80e1\u91cc\u5df4\u5c14·\u5df4\u96c5\u5c14\u3001\u590f\u62c9·\u90a3\u751f\u7b49\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u53c8\u5e38\u6765\u6f14\u5531\uff0c\u5c11\u5e74\u6731\u4e43\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u7a46\u514b\u5bbe·\u5df4\u6851\u514b\u592b\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u54c8\u62c9\u80e1\u7d22\u5dde\u4e4c\u5854\u7267\u6751\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d2b\u82e6\u7267\u4eba\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6“\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u6f14\u5531\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u7684\u5fc3\u613f”\u3002\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u5947\u5c3c·\u94c1\u5c14\u72791906\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u8d2b\u82e6\u5bb6\u5ead\u91cc\uff0c\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u7236\u6bcd\u53cc\u4ea1\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5f53\u96c7\u5de5\u3002\u8d76\u5de7\u96c7\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u8d22\u4e3b\u5df4\u5fb7\u660e\u8bfa\u592b\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ee5“\u827a\u672f\u7231\u597d\u8005”\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u89c1\u4f18\u79c0\u6b4c\u624b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3c·\u94c1\u5c14\u7279\u4e5f\u5728\u573a\u3002\u501f\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u6b4c\u624b\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u5929\u624d\u7684\u300a\u6c5f\u683c\u5c14\u300b\u8868\u6f14\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5df4\u5fb7\u660e·\u5965\u5b54\u3002\u5c3c·\u94c1\u5c14\u7279\u542c\u5df4\u5fb7\u660e·\u5965\u5b54\u7684\u6f14\u5531\u603b\u5171\u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5531\u672c\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5341\u97f3\u8282\u7684\u5531\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u5982\u5730\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u91cc\u518d\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\uff3b4\uff3d(23)<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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